For example, during 2003 Angela Belcher, Daniel Solis, and Chuanbin Mao genetically engineered a pencil-shaped bacteriophage known as M13 so that it expressed & incorporated into its capsid a peptide which causes and controls nucleation/condensation-onto-it of specific nanometer-size (conductor) particles. After those (conductor) nanoparticles thereby become deposited in very specific order onto the bacteriophage pencil-shaped "template", exposure to very high temperature removes the bacteriophage; leaving a solid NANOWIRE.

For example, during 2003, Susan Lindquist:

• triggered the self-assembly of Saccharomyces cerevisiae (yeast) amyloid protein to thereby create ten-nanometer-wide fibers.
• placed those fibers onto specially-designed electrodes, then reacted colloidal gold particles with cysteine molecular groups 'protruding' from those fibers.
• subsequently filled-in the spaces between the gold particles-bound-to-fiber via a reductive deposition procedure which deposited both gold and silver atoms.

For example, during 2002, William A. Drucker and Chang-Hyun Jang were able to utilize the enzyme acetylcholinesterase as a "template" to create a precisely-structured strip 70-nanometers wide deposited onto a prepared gold surface. After first coating the the gold surface with a carboxylic acid (film), they were able to adhere onto it a film of acetylcholinesterase; then by scratching-away a strip via utilization of an atomic force microscope tip (stylus), they were able to to lay-down a 70-nanometer wide strip (onto the gold) of thiocholine cleaved from acetylcholine-containing solution.
MACROMOLECULES,  ENZYME,  NANOMETERS (NM),  NANOWIRE,  BACTERIOPHAGE,  GENETIC ENGINEERING,  PEPTIDE,  ACETYLCHOLINESTERASE,  ACETYLCHOLINE,  DEOXYRIBONUCLEIC ACID (DNA),  RNA POLYMERASE,  STRUCTURAL GENE,  INFORMATIONAL MOLECULES,  HEREDITY,  GENE,  GENETIC CODE,  GENETIC MAP,  BIOSENSORS (CHEMICAL),  GENOSENSORS,  RIBONUCLEIC ACID (RNA),  GENE REPAIR (DONE BY MAN),  CODON,  EXON,  CHIMERAPLASTY,  NANOTECHNOLOGY,  NANOPARTICLES,  BIOELECTRONICS,  PRIMER (DNA),  ATOMIC FORCE MICROSCOPE,  YEAST,  SELF-ASSEMBLY (OF A LARGE MOLECULAR STRUCTURE),  CYSTEINE (cys),  REDUCTION (IN A CHEMICAL REACTION)